The Influence of Constructivism Essay Example

The Influence of Constructivism Essay Determining the Influences of Soviet Propaganda on Contemporary Advertising and Promotion The purpose of this study is to look at the representation of political ideology on Soviet posters and the ways in which this style continues to influence today’s advertising and popular culture. Though there are many forms of propaganda the forms of propaganda I intend to discuss in this essay are visual. The areas I aim to further my understanding of are the representation of political ideologies on today’s contemporary popular culture. I intend to investigate the idea that the Constructivists created the blueprint for modern consumerism and methods of advertising. I will investigate semiotics and Marxism in context with my study. In today’s society of consumerist culture I think the topic of propaganda is interesting as I feel propaganda goes hand in hand with advertising. In today’s society we are relentlessly saturated with loaded words and images, for this reason I wanted to investigate the origins of consumerism and today’s advertising. The purpose of Soviet propaganda was to create a new type of world; Lenin wanted to remodel the world under Socialist Realism and visual propaganda played an important part in this. Using propaganda to influence people’s thoughts and actions by making them act on feelings rather than rational thought. I am going to investigate the idea that soviet Marxist ideology continues to influence To illustrate my idea I am going to discuss the semiotics of a Soviet poster designed by Alexander Rodchenko for Gosizdat (fig. ) in 1924 the poster is a typical example of the stark, distinct and timeless design of the era. The poster features Lilia brick, a muse of Vladimir Mayakovsky and later Alexander Rodchenko. The poster was designed as mass spread agitprop intended to spread the ideals of Socialist Realism with its vision of a widespread literate society. The simplified bold graphic is typical of the work produced during the Constructivist movement; the lack of decoration or of represen tational depiction of objects ties in with the movement’s aims to keep the production purely informative and functional. Art that fails to become part of life will be catalogued in the museum of archaeological antiquities† (Rodchenko The poster features a woman, Lilia Brick, wearing a kerchief; clothes of the proletarian workers. This design and its message was calculated so that the proletarian of Russia would relate and engage with the message the image conveys. The woman is shouting â€Å"Books† inside a trapezoid shape, as most of the population were illiterate it was necessary for the image to be understood visually. Pictures indeed could be more potent than writing because they ‘impose meaning at one stroke’ but semiotic communication could extend beyond both the verbal and the visual† (Visual Culture, Richard Howels, 2003, page 100) Personally, I think this is a timeless image but I don’t think it is very understandable without th e text. It is an example of the constructivist’s novel experiments with juxtaposition and photography. Contemporary posters and graphics are testament to the strength of design this age produced. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Constructivism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Constructivism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Constructivism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To further illustrate my idea I am going to discuss the semiotics of three advertising images and compare them with the Gosizdat (fig. 1) 1924 Lilia Brick poster from the Soviet era, which they are derivative of. The images I will discuss come from a broad spectrum in popular culture. I will look at an image from a political campaign, a mobile phone advert and a popular indie band. In order to sell and appeal, it is my opinion that these products and ideologies have borrowed the connotations of power and directness that these Soviet posters command. A humorous take on poster from the Barak Obama campaign featuring a dog in the place of Lilia Brick became a hit on the Internet. This suggests the poster has widespread appeal on masse. The poster was not affiliated with the campaign. An example of the Gosizdat posters influential use in advertising can be viewed in a Greek advert for Vodaphone mobiles (fig. 2), here the semiotics are not entirely saying the same thing as in the poster designed for Gosizdat (fig. ), in this version it is depoliticised. The poster itself comes with an extra subtext thanks to its history; the viewer can take meaning from this as well as the intended message to advertise Vodaphone. The art of the past no longer exists as it once did. Its authority is lost. In its place there is a language of images. What matters now is who uses that language for what purpose. (Berger, 1972, p. 33) The anonymous woman in the poster is supposed to be shouting some sort of offer or Vodaphone; the anonymous woman in the p oster is in black and white creating an interesting juxtaposition against the bright colour scheme. The image of the woman seems slightly more ‘cut-out and pasted in’ than the other example images. I feel this could be derivative of the Constructivists experimentation with photomontage. It is in a sense ironic that these posters are now being used to promote capitalism given that the political ideology at the time was to do with Communism. A statement made by art critic Andrew Graham-Dixon backs this up; he says in BBC4 programme The Art of Russia: Smashing the Mould â€Å"this was totally new to use words like this and that is one of the paradoxes that Rodchenko and Mayakovsky give to the West the visual language of Capitalism†¦because they are inventing advertising† (M2 PRESSWIRE-10 November 2009-BBC: The Art Of Russia on BBC Four(C) 1994-2009 M2 COMMUNICATIONS RDATE:09112009) The second example of the influence of the poster for Gosizdat (fig. ) is in the album artwork for Franz Ferdinand’s 2005 album You Could Have It So Much Better (fig. 3). The semiotics suggests the same as with the last two reworks. The band reworked two other Constructivist posters for two more of their singles artwork; This Fire 2004 (fig 4) is derivative of the El Lissitzky poster Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge 1919 and Take Me Out 2004 (fig. 5) is a rework of Aleksandr Rodchenko’s One-Sixth Part the World Post er 1923 (fig 6). The illustrator and graphic designer Shepard Fairey who created the affiliated Obama campaign posters deliberately took inspiration from Soviet posters when creating the Obama Hope (fig. 7) poster. The work of Neville Brody further backs up the ideology behind the movement and that today’s designers draw much inspiration from Constructivism. Bold design and typography classic are time enduring. The semiotics of these images have connotations of empowerment. What matters is that design is a way of reflecting social undercurrents. The Futurists supported Mussolini, whereas Rodchenko was a socialist revolutionary. I draw a sense of dynamism and optimism with no intention of a political connotation. If you look at some of Rodchenko’s paintings, you’ll see he anticipated abstract expressionism by a good 50 or 60 years. It’s so abstract, it’s completely apolitical. Rodchenko was more about humanism and humanitarianism than communism. †- Neville Brod y. Another direct example of a Soviet posters influence on recent popular culture is the occurrence of Red Wedge in the 80’s, this collective of musicians wanted to inspire young people to connect with the politics of the Labour government and inspire them to take charge of their political opinions. A lithographic poster inspired the name for this movement: Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge 1919 (fig. 8); a poster designed by Constructivist artist El Lissitzky. The Red Wedge’ logo was also inspired by the poster and designed by graphic designer Neville Brody. In the 1980s there was a revival of politically fuelled art, Neville Brody reworked the typography of the Soviet era in popular magazine The Face (fig. 9). Jenny Holzier’s Protect Me from What I Want, 1998 (fig. 10) is sending out a political message in a very simplified way just as the Constructivists did. â€Å"Holzer writes messages which are not in â€Å"her† voice but in styles that mimic the anonymous voices of authority† government, education and advertising† (Toby Clark, Art and Propaganda, 1997, page 155) The film created in the time of Soviet Russia was also influential. It has had an affect on the film production and movie editing of today. The film Battleship Potemkin, a silent film directed in 1925 by Eisenstein is one of the first examples of evocative film editing and of propaganda in film, it served as a warning against rebellion toward the government, such was the influence of this film, people at the time of its release who viewed it believed these were real events. The films this influence is apparent in are The Untouchables and Brazil. In my opinion the imagery of the Soviet era is incredibly iconic and it is not surprising that it has been borrowed time and time again. It seems evident from the examples in the text that everything from companies and politicians and popular culture will continue to borrow some of the imagery and iconography that the Constructivists strived to create, it is interesting that the artistic movements at the time of the Soviet era are not known as well as some. I have come to the conclusion that Soviet idealism has influenced much of today’s culture though the message is obviously not the same. I think the much of the advertising inspired by The Constructivists is clever as it can tap into what makes an image iconic. Companies that use the Russia propaganda style of imagery are looking to give their product cult status and iconography. With reworking of the Soviet and Constructivist style the designers are borrowing some of that power. In a world where we are saturate by advertisements the ones inspired by Constructivism are most successful in my opinion.

Heres What I Know About Social Issues Research Topics

Here's What I Know About Social Issues Research Topics In addition, it's a great method to obtain additional insight in your topic and possibly pick up a couple more ideas for your own research. An excellent paper topic ought to be interesting and ought to incorporate an original idea or position try to prevent cliche topics which will likely bore your reader. To begin with, ensure you select a topic which will be interesting to both you and the reader. Chancing upon a topic for your study can be tough, but there are a lot of great methods to think of intriguing ideas. The way it changes the development and the worldview of someone is an intriguing point to check at. To totally understand the political process an individual should have lots and tons of understanding of the way our society operates. Today, people are beginning to turn into active participants in the struggle against global issues and because of this, progress is being made. You must read a whole lot when do ing research for your academic essay, and it is going to take a lot of time and energy. The Social Issues Research Topics Game Therefore, it is possible to simply choose what's important to you. Whenever your assignment is a literature review, you're usually indicated with the maximum studies it's possible to put in your work. Social psychological work was applied to an excellent many real-world settings. Research topics on social work you need to consider An exemplary social work research project demands the student to experience previous studies about the topic. You're building a photo of a social issue, and you want to bring up every potential side of the story. When selecting your social problems topic, keep in mind that it's always far better to write about something you're already more or less acquainted with. The sort of topic you decide on will establish the degree of success you will receive. You understand the fundamental approach for picking a great topic, but nothing is apparently catching your interest. You should go through what has already been done in order to establish the gap in the present body of knowledge. Obviously, the area of business is quite wide. In today's world, there are plenty of social troubles. Generations How four distinct generations at work can get the job done together. To write a great research paper you want to be confident in your argument. When picking your research paper topic, you must make certain it is neither boring nor worn out. The title of your assignment automatically determines the research you are going to have to do to be able to be in a position to compose the paper. Writing a research paper even though may appear challenging is a considerable portion of routine student life. Make the usage of the suggested research paper topic ideas and you'll be prosperous. Deciding what things to write about is among the most significant steps of the practice. The very first step of every guide on the best way to write psychology research paper is to opt for a topic. The Lost Secret of Social Issues Research Topics You have to make sure you've picked an adequate topic so that you may submit a high-quality essay. Psychology is such a wide subject, so you wish to locate a topic which allows you to adequately cover the subject without becoming overwhelmed with information. To start with, your essay is supposed to tackle a particular social, psychological or anthropological matter. Do not be hesitant to ask questions if there are a few unclear points. You may not comprehensively take care of an industry research topic which is too wide. To begin with, yo u must devote just a little time investigating your topic. In addition, don't forget that you are going to have to bring significant evidence and arguments for your viewpoint, or so the topic should not be overly complicated for you. If you wish to receive a degree from a reliable American college or university, then you will need to ensure that you're submitting flawless and superior essays. Following are a few of the advised sociology essay topic for those students that are unable to pick a great topic for their assignment. If you like science, you're guaranteed to talk non-stop about it. Most students have a difficult time once it comes to selecting the very best research topics for their thesis or dissertation. Type of Social Issues Research Topics The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, an enormous quantity of curiosity and capability to think beyond the box and search data in unconventional sources. It's recommended that you just select the topic that you are able to deal with, for instance, if you're not t sketching the personality characteristics then you ought to better not elect for it. The very good thing with an intriguing research topic is that it's going to grow your interest throughout the research approach. It's very crucial to chance upon an intriguing topic for research to complete it with total attention by doing appropriate research. If you're confused with a number of interesting topics to research online, it's far better to determine what interests you the most. You require a subject that is going to keep you motivated and create in you the urge to move to the next level. If you're writing about social problems, you will usually be writing about the way the topic affects larger groups of people, like how poverty affects a whole generation. Social issues have always been an essential part of the human condition. The True Meaning of Social Issues Research Topics Other instances, like in an abnormal psychology training course, might ask you to compose your paper on a particular subject like a psychological disorder. There are several research paper topics as soon as it comes to psychological disorders which you can pick from. The cause and effect are one and the same, for instance, in underdeveloped nations, the financial development cannot be accelerated as a result of deficiency of technical know how and capital cannot be obtained because of underdevelopment of the nation. You can concentrate on the effects of the next topics on the nature and development of a young child, adult or elderly. Mostly, when thinking about psychology research papers, folks remember the psychological problems, but there's a good deal of different areas where psychology can be helpful. Before you opt to tackle a project for your social psychology class, there are a couple of critical things you will need to ta ke into account. For instance, you might start by studying on all kinds of social psychology topic. Do not expect picking a psychology topic for your paper is going to be a quick or effortless job!

Research Paper Topics for College - Choosing the Best Topic

Research Paper Topics for College - Choosing the Best TopicAre you a school teacher or a student who wants to improve your writing skills by going through the best research paper topics available in your subject area? If so, you need to do research first to find the best research paper topics available in your area.The best research paper topics for college are ones that will enable students to study and learn the material thoroughly. This will help them become better writers when they get their college degree.Some good students actually spend their summer holidays applying for internships for which they need to apply with the Human Resource Management companies as well. These organizations hire interns who usually write articles for them. They will be working on campus or in an internship and they will be able to gain useful information for which they will write about.It is important for students to do research on their target company before they make any kind of application for the position. In fact, this is where the student will get most of his work done. He will get all of the relevant facts for which he will be required to write an effective research paper. There will be a certain amount of pressure on him to do well in this paper and to deliver a good report.When writing the best research paper topics for your subject area, make sure that you choose topics that are easy to understand. In fact, one of the key factors to keep in mind is to choose topics that are appropriate to the academic level of your students. For example, if your student is an undergraduate student and if he has completed the Junior year of high school, then he should concentrate on undergraduate subjects and not on other subjects.On the other hand, if you have upper undergraduate students, then you can include these topics in your research paper. There are many topics for this purpose that you can choose from. Your students should be allowed to choose topics based on their interests.I n fact, the topic can be anything that they want to write about. In addition, they should be allowed to write about any topic. The best research paper topics for college are those that are interesting, that will keep the attention of the readers and that will compel them to read more about the topic.If you want to know more about the best research paper topics for college, you can visit university websites. This is where you will be able to gather lots of ideas for topics to include in your research paper.

Detailed Notes on Does Queens College Require an Essay in Simple Step by Step Order

Detailed Notes on Does Queens College Require an Essay in Simple Step by Step Order The Most Popular Does Queens College Require an Essay Submitting the internet application is 1 part of a two-step application procedure. Certain programs offer you specific prompts for writing your own personal statement. An admissions decision won't be made until all transcripts are received. If you fulfill their requirements, you're almost sure to obtain an offer of admission. Non-English transcripts must come with an English translation. If you would like to get in, the very first point to check at is the acceptance rate. The personal statement ought to be uploaded to your on-line application. To begin with, you'll be supplied a prompt that tells you about a problem. You waive any right you might have to get specific notice of such modifications or modifications. You are going to have access to those prompts once you start the application procedure. The program isn't intended for or targeted to anybody below the age of 16. We examine the student's whole record. There are various versions of QuickBooks, so students ought to be sure the school gives instruction in the version they intend to use. If you wish to learn to use QuickBooks, you could possibly be in a position to uncover a training program or certificate program at a public college. Rider University welcomes students with a number of academic backgrounds. For this, we take a look at the school's average GPA for its existing students. This will help increase your weighted GPA and show your capability to take college classes. Our experienced instructors understand the GRE and attention about assisting you to realize your aims. The GRE Prep class is perfect for those seeking an advanced degree in a wide selection of fields within the following five decades. Our Live-online class gives you the opportunity to choose the class from anywhere at any moment. Make the reader feel like they were there with you. Elements of a very good academic essay. Please submit just one essay response. By doing this you allow them to consider your essay together with the remainder of your application. All about myself essay for children. Here are a couple suggestions of how to compose an essay which will help you stick out in the admission procedure. Very good artists to compose an essay on. Productive essay site. There aren't any participation or other fees connected with the Program. Fee waivers aren't readily available for graduate students. What's more, you have to do well to get a strong application. Applications won't be complete, and so cannot be processed, until all necessary documents have arrived at CUNY. They received without the fee will not be processed. Visit College Board to discover more. Funding for summer courses might also be available. Visit TASC to find out more. The True Meaning of Does Queens College Require an Essay We're interested in your capacity to organize your ideas and express yourself clearly. You're also permitted to submit an extra character reference. You don't need to brag but give an awareness of what you'd bring to the campusby highlighting your achievements. The essay is your opportunity to tell the folks in a college admission office what is valuable to you and to provide a glimpse of what it is that they might not know about you. Essay money isn't everything in life. Reread your paper and check to see whether it is logical.

How to Write a Good Medical School Application Essay

How to Write a Good Medical School Application EssayIf you have taken the Medical College Admissions Test and are in the process of applying for a residency program, or if you have already applied and are awaiting a decision, you may have already started working on your sample essay. But if you don't know how to write a good application essay, it can be difficult to write an effective one.First, you should know that you can use samples of samples as examples for your own application essays. The first tip is to look online for sample essays. You will find a wide variety of samples that can serve as guides for you when you are writing your own.The second tip is to use the sample essay as a template. Once you have an idea of what it will look like, then you can start rearranging it to better fit your personal style. The idea is to keep your essay as clear, concise, and as to the point as possible.The third tip is to compare the look and feel of your personal application essay with the f ormat of the sample essay. There is no harm in trying to get this comparison right away. However, it is important to remember that there is usually not going to be much similarity between the two. But since the purpose of the sample essay is to give you ideas on how to structure your own personal application essay, it may be helpful to see how the format of the sample essay would translate to your own application.The fourth tip is to write a personal essay based on the sample essay, but with more information about yourself. Try to identify your own personal strengths, and find ways to highlight these strengths. The goal is to make your personal essay unique and appealing to the admissions committee, so try to make the essay about you and not about the applicant. The fifth tip is to avoid repeating any of the arguments that you hear in the sample essay. This is a common mistake made by applicants who find themselves repeating the arguments they heard on the admissions test. Your essa y should stand on its own without any claims or recitations. So make sure that you write your essay carefully and clearly.The sixth tip is to use the sample essay as a guide for your own personal essay. The basic purpose of a personal essay is to explain how your life has been impacted by the medical field. However, the way to do this is to describe your personal experiences, rather than talk about the experiences of other people.The seventh tip is to follow the example of the sample essay. Don't try to express an opinion on an issue that you do not know anything about. Remember that the purpose of your essay is to become an applicant, and not to begin an argument.

Humainstic essays

Humainstic essays When reading through my notes for the class, I have found that the humanistic approach to the development of personality is the most interesting. The book describes humanistic as development through interaction. Every day we come in contact with people who then influence the way we think and perceive ideas. An example in the book given by Carl Rogerss study explains a young girl who perceives she is liked by every one and makes friends easily. Later when she over hears someone talking about how rude she is, she immediately conceives the idea through one of two possibilities. Distortion causes the girl to believe that the people talking about her dont know her very well. Denial makes the girl doesnt allow the girl to realize that they were talking about her. This form of study is extremely interesting. As a child when I played with neighbor children we knew of a child that also had misconceived perceptions. The little boy thought every one liked him, and he was so much fun. When confronted about it, the immediate action was shock, but the next day the same things occurred. I always thought denial played a role in this some how but wasnt educated enough to understand. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow both had ideas surrounding self-actualization, or the goal to be complete. I think that this goal is acquired through personal experience as defined through the humanistic study personality. Interaction plays a huge role in any species, especially humans with a large development in the brain. The study of self-concept is also very interesting. We all have ideas regarding ourselves but the beliefs we have may be conceived in accurately. How do we know how others think about us? This subject has been something I have been interested in long before I took psychology for 2 years in high school, and even after taking this course, I am still interested! ...

Biography of Alfred Wegener, German Scientist

Biography of Alfred Wegener, German Scientist Alfred Wegener (November 1, 1880–November 1930) was a German meteorologist and geophysicist who developed the first theory of continental drift and formulated the idea that a supercontinent known as Pangaea existed on the Earth millions of years ago. His ideas were largely ignored at the time they were developed, but today they are widely accepted by the scientific community. As part of his research, Wegener also took part in several journeys to Greenland, where he studied the atmosphere and ice conditions. Fast Facts: Alfred Wegener Known For: Wegener was a German scientist who developed the idea of continental drift and Pangaea.Born: November 1, 1880 in Berlin, GermanyDied: November 1930 in Clarinetania,  GreenlandEducation: University of Berlin (Ph.D.)Published Works: Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere (1911), The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1922)Spouse: Else Koppen Wegener  (m. 1913-1930)Children: Hilde, Hanna, Sophie Early Life Alfred Lothar Wegener was born on November 1, 1880, in Berlin, Germany. During his childhood, Wegeners father ran an orphanage. Wegener took an interest in physical and earth sciences and studied these subjects at universities in both Germany and Austria. He graduated with a Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Berlin in 1905. He briefly served as an assistant at the Urania Observatory in Berlin. While earning his Ph.D. in astronomy, Wegener also took an interest in meteorology and paleoclimatology (the study of changes in the Earths climate throughout its history). From 1906 to 1908 he went on an expedition to Greenland to study polar weather. In Greenland, Wegener established a research station where he could take meteorological measurements. This expedition was the first of four dangerous trips that Wegener would take to the icy island. The others occurred from 1912 to 1913 and in 1929 and 1930. Continental Drift Shortly after receiving his Ph.D., Wegener began teaching at the University of Marburg in Germany, and in 1910 he drafted his Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere, which would later become an important meteorological textbook. During his time at the university, Wegener developed an interest in the ancient history of the Earths continents and their placement. He had noticed, in 1910, that the eastern coast of South America and the northwestern coast of Africa looked as if they were once connected. In 1911, Wegener also came across several scientific documents stating there were identical fossils of plants and animals on each of these continents. He eventually articulated the idea that all of the Earths continents were at one time connected into one large supercontinent. In 1912, he presented the idea of continental displacement- which would later become known as continental drift- to explain how the continents moved toward and away from one another throughout the Earths history. In 1914, Wegener was drafted into the German Army during World War I. He was wounded twice and was eventually placed in the Armys weather forecasting service for the duration of the war. In 1915, Wegener published his most famous work, The Origin of Continents and Oceans, as an extension of his 1912 lecture. In that work, he presented extensive evidence to support his claim that all of the Earths continents were at one time connected. Despite the evidence, however, most of the scientific community ignored his ideas at the time. Later Life From 1924 to 1930, Wegener was a professor of meteorology and geophysics at the University of Graz in Austria. At a 1927 symposium, he introduced the idea of Pangaea, a Greek term meaning all lands, to describe the supercontinent that he believed existed on the Earth millions of years ago. Scientists now believe that such a continent did exist- it probably formed about 335 million years ago and began to split apart 175 million years ago. The strongest evidence of this is- as Wegener suspected- the distribution of similar fossils throughout continental borders that are now many miles apart. Death In 1930, Wegener took part in his last expedition to Greenland to set up a winter weather station that would monitor the jet stream in the upper atmosphere over the North Pole. Severe weather delayed the start of the trip and made it extremely difficult for Wegener and the 14 other explorers and scientists with him to reach the weather station. Eventually, 12 of these men would turn around and return to the groups base camp near the coast. Wegener and two others continued on, reaching the final destination of Eismitte (Mid-Ice, a site near the center of Greenland) five weeks after the start of the expedition. On the return trip to the base camp, Wegener became lost and is believed to have died sometime in November 1930 at the age of 50. Legacy For most of his life, Wegener remained dedicated to his theory of continental drift and Pangaea despite receiving harsh criticism from other scientists, many of whom believed the oceanic crust was too rigid to permit the movement of tectonic plates. By the time of his death in 1930, his ideas were almost entirely rejected by the scientific community. It was not until the 1960s that they gained credibility as scientists began studying seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. Wegeners ideas served as a framework for those studies, which produced evidence that supported his theories. The development of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in 1978 eliminated any residual doubt there may have been by providing direct evidence of continental movements. Today, Wegeners ideas are highly regarded by the scientific community as an early attempt at explaining why the Earths landscape is the way it is. His polar expeditions are also highly admired and today the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research is known for its high-quality research in the Arctic and the Antarctic. A crater on the Moon and a crater on Mars are both named in Wegeners honor. Sources Bressan, David. â€Å"May 12, 1931: Alfred Wegeners Last Journey.† Scientific American Blog Network, 12 May 2013.Oreskes, Naomi, and Homer E. LeGrand.  Plate Tectonics: An Insiders History of the Modern Theory of the Earth. Westview, 2003.Wegener, Alfred.  The Origin of Continents and Oceans. Dover Publications, 1992.Yount, Lisa.  Alfred Wegener: Creator of the Continental Drift Theory. Chelsea House Publishers, 2009.